A comparative study of song form and duetting in neotropical 'Thryothorus' wrens
Nigel I. Mann, Kimberly A. Dingess, F. Keith Barker, Jeff A. Graves, & Peter J. B. Slater
You will find below the sound spectograms of this study linked to the sounds. Some photographs of the birds have been added that are not part of the manuscript (just for the fun of it).
Figure 2
(Mann et al. (2009) A comparative study of song form and duetting in neotropical 'Thryothorus' wrens - Behaviour 146:1-43)
Figure 2 Sound spectrograms of songs from wrens which we propose should remain in the genus Thryothorus.
A-B: male white-browed wren, T. (ludovicianus) albinucha.
C: male Carolina wren , T. ludovicianus.
D: female call associated with male song in the Carolina wren.
C: male Carolina wren , T. ludovicianus.
D: female call associated with male song in the Carolina wren.
A-B: male white-browed wren, T. (ludovicianus) albinucha.
C: male Carolina wren , T. ludovicianus.
D: female call associated with male song in the Carolina wren.
For this and all subsequent figures, male vocalizations are indicated by a solid black line, female vocalizations by an open line. Time intervals for x-axis subdivisions are the same for all spectrograms. [The Carolina wren spectrograms were made from recordings donated by D. E. Kroodsma].
Figure 3
(Mann et al. (2009) A comparative study of song form and duetting in neotropical 'Thryothorus' wrens - Behaviour 146:1-43)
Figure 3 Sound spectrograms of songs from wrens in the proposed genus Thryophilus.
A-B: male Sinaloa wren, Thryophilus sinaloa (first is a compound song).
C: two phrases from female Sinaloa wren.
D-E: male banded wren, Thryophilus pleurostictus (first is a compound song).
F-G: rufous-and-white wren, rufalbus, duets.
H-I: Niceforo's wren, nicefori, solo songs. Sex not identified.
C: two phrases from female Sinaloa wren.
D-E: male banded wren, Thryophilus pleurostictus (first is a compound song).
F-G: rufous-and-white wren, rufalbus, duets.
H-I: Niceforo's wren, nicefori, solo songs. Sex not identified.
A-B: male Sinaloa wren, Thryophilus sinaloa (first is a compound song).
C: two phrases from female Sinaloa wren.
D-E: male banded wren, Thryophilus pleurostictus (first is a compound song).
F-G: rufous-and-white wren, rufalbus, duets.
H-I: Niceforo's wren, nicefori, solo songs. Sex not identified.
Spectrograms of nicefori made from Macaulay Sound Library recordings. Time intervals for x-axis subdivisions are the same for all spectrograms.
Figure 4
(Mann et al. (2009) A comparative study of song form and duetting in neotropical 'Thryothorus' wrens - Behaviour 146:1-43)
Figure 4. Sound spectrograms of songs from wrens in the proposed genus Pheugopedius.
A: black-throated wren, P. atrogularis, duet.
B: happy wren, felix, duet.
C-D: speckle-breasted wren, P. sclateri, duets. Second duet includes double phrases by female.
E: spot-breasted wren, P. maculipectus, duet.
F-G: rufous-breasted wren, rutilus, duets.
H: coraya wren, P. coraya, duet.
I: whiskered wren, mystacalis, duet.
J-K: 'introductory-type' calls from male whiskered wren.
L-M: 'introductory-type' calls from male black-bellied wren, fasciatoventris.
N: black-bellied wren, duet.
O-P: moustached wren, genibarbis, duets, each preceded by a male introductory phrase.
Q: plain-tailed wren, P. euophrys, duet. Males produce both the A and C phrases, while females sing B and D.
R: plain-tailed wren chorus from group of two males and four females.
S: Inca wren, eisenmanni, chorus (probably three birds singing). Male and female contributions not identified.
T: Solo song phrases from sooty-headed wren, spadix.
B: happy wren, felix, duet.
C-D: speckle-breasted wren, P. sclateri, duets. Second duet includes double phrases by female.
E: spot-breasted wren, P. maculipectus, duet.
F-G: rufous-breasted wren, rutilus, duets.
H: coraya wren, P. coraya, duet.
I: whiskered wren, mystacalis, duet.
J-K: 'introductory-type' calls from male whiskered wren.
L-M: 'introductory-type' calls from male black-bellied wren, fasciatoventris.
N: black-bellied wren, duet.
O-P: moustached wren, genibarbis, duets, each preceded by a male introductory phrase.
Q: plain-tailed wren, P. euophrys, duet. Males produce both the A and C phrases, while females sing B and D.
R: plain-tailed wren chorus from group of two males and four females.
S: Inca wren, eisenmanni, chorus (probably three birds singing). Male and female contributions not identified.
T: Solo song phrases from sooty-headed wren, spadix.
A: black-throated wren, P. atrogularis, duet.
B: happy wren, felix, duet.
C-D: speckle-breasted wren, P. sclateri, duets. Second duet includes double phrases by female.
E: spot-breasted wren, P. maculipectus, duet.
F-G: rufous-breasted wren, rutilus, duets.
H: coraya wren, P. coraya, duet.
I: whiskered wren, mystacalis, duet.
J-K: 'introductory-type' calls from male whiskered wren.
L-M: 'introductory-type' calls from male black-bellied wren, fasciatoventris.
N: black-bellied wren, duet.
O-P: moustached wren, genibarbis, duets, each preceded by a male introductory phrase.
Sources: O from Cindy Hogan, P from Macaulay Sound Library.
Q: plain-tailed wren, P. euophrys, duet. Males produce both the A and C phrases, while females sing B and D.
R: plain-tailed wren chorus from group of two males and four females.
The number of birds singing each phrase is indicated by the number of lines drawn above.
S: Inca wren, eisenmanni, chorus (probably three birds singing). Male and female contributions not identified.
This spectrogram was made from a Macaulay Sound Library recording.
T: Solo song phrases from sooty-headed wren, spadix.
Dotted lines present on some spectrograms indicate examples from an extra category of male vocalisation (explained in the text). Time intervals for x-axis subdivisions are the same for all spectrograms.
Figure 5
(Mann et al. (2009) A comparative study of song form and duetting in neotropical 'Thryothorus' wrens - Behaviour 146:1-43)
Figure 5. Sound spectrograms of songs from wrens in the proposed genus Cantorchilus.
A: stripe-breasted wren, C. thoracicus, male 'hoot' solo song.
B: stripe-breasted wren duet.
C: stripe-throated wren, C. leucopogon, male 'hoot' solo song.
D: stripe-throated wren, male 'complex' solo song.
E-F: bay wren, C. nigricapillus, duets.
G: riverside wren, C. semibadius, duet.
H: plain wren, C. modestus modestus, duet.
I: canebrake wren, C. modestus zeledoni, duet.
J: buff-breasted wren, C. leucotis, duet.
K: fawn-breasted wren, C. guarayanus, duet.
L-N: superciliated wren, C. superciliaris, duets.
B: stripe-breasted wren duet.
C: stripe-throated wren, C. leucopogon, male 'hoot' solo song.
D: stripe-throated wren, male 'complex' solo song.
E-F: bay wren, C. nigricapillus, duets.
G: riverside wren, C. semibadius, duet.
H: plain wren, C. modestus modestus, duet.
I: canebrake wren, C. modestus zeledoni, duet.
J: buff-breasted wren, C. leucotis, duet.
K: fawn-breasted wren, C. guarayanus, duet.
L-N: superciliated wren, C. superciliaris, duets.
A: stripe-breasted wren, C. thoracicus, male 'hoot' solo song.
B: stripe-breasted wren duet.
C: stripe-throated wren, C. leucopogon, male 'hoot' solo song.
D: stripe-throated wren, male 'complex' solo song.
E-F: bay wren, C. nigricapillus, duets.
G: riverside wren, C. semibadius, duet.
H: plain wren, C. modestus modestus, duet.
I: canebrake wren, C. modestus zeledoni, duet.
J: buff-breasted wren, C. leucotis, duet.
K: fawn-breasted wren, C. guarayanus, duet.
L-N: superciliated wren, C. superciliaris, duets.
Dotted lines present on some spectrograms indicate male introductory phrases. Time axis subdivisions are each of 1 s for spectrograms A-D, but are of 0.5 s for spectrograms E-N.
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